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Essential Fish Habitat
Imperative Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. Ersus. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Resource efficiency and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Utilizing regulations clarified that waters include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate involves the associated biological organizations that make these areas suited to fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used without notice during the species' life circuit.|2| EFH involves all types of aquatic habitat, just like wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH making use of the best available scientific details. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed types to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations should be to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non sportfishing impacts on EFH to the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Work was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and explain EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act provides jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries once their actions or activities may adversely affect natural environment identified by federal regional fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On 12 19, 1997, interim last rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. over 60, No . 244) which specify procedures for implementation with the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by simply publication of final rules on January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management plan (FMP) amendment, and depth the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Effects from certain fishing techniques and coastal and submarine development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal organizations work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable effects on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, seaside developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, and, evaluating how well every fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed kinds. As new FMPs are developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, lessen to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify various other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions for the habitat of federally supervised commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, grant, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH have to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an diagnosis of all actions or offered actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These kinds of Conservation Recommendations provide information on keep away from, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if some of these recommendations have not been followed.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of sport fishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may touch upon and make recommendations to any state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Better Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Local Office (WCRO), Alaska Regional Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State agencies and private landowners are not instructed to consult with NMFS. EFH consultations are required if the federal government has authorized, funded, or carried out part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely impact EFH.|24| Negatively affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations on the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to types and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction with the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Home areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high top priority areas for conservation, administration, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit attention because they meet at least one of the following 5 criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a habitat type that is/will become stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is exceptional.|27|
Current HAPCs incorporate important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory safety as EFH and do not don't include activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Fundamental Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Vital Habitat is designated for the survival and recovery of species listed seeing that threatened or endangered beneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical refuge include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered kinds that include physical and natural features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is usually designated as critical at the time a species is listed within the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are very different in terms of designation and legislation, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
An environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures base the water surface, and marine community structures. These demeure are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental home structure begins with residue. Erosion is stabilized simply by submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and delicate.|33| A study by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom home types (vegetated marsh advantage, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) pertaining to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges whenever they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom supplies hard complex vertical composition for attachment of a dry sponge, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, many different fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are also a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they might be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Characteristics that affect soft lower part in relation to organisms that employ them include sediment grain size, salinity, dissolved fresh air and flow.
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