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Essential Fish Habitat
Necessary Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. T. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Implementing regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate comes with the associated biological neighborhoods that make these areas ideal for fish habitats, and the information and identification of EFH should include habitats used any time during the species' life routine.|2| EFH involves all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, fine sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH making use of the best available scientific data. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed types to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Take action was amended to establish a new requirements to identify and describe EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries when ever their actions or actions may adversely affect an environment identified by federal regional fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On December 19, 1997, interim last rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. over 60, No . 244) which designate procedures for implementation in the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These rules were amended by simply publication of final rules about January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management plan (FMP) amendment, and depth the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Affects from certain fishing routines and coastal and maritime development and may alter, harm, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal firms work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable has an effect on on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and non-point and point source pollution, along with, evaluating how well every single fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed species. As new FMPs will be developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be defined.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, lessen to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing about EFH, and identify additional actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions around the habitat of federally maintained commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, licenses, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH have to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an assessment of all actions or recommended actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These types of Conservation Recommendations provide information on keep away from, minimize, mitigate, or balance out those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if these recommendations have not been used.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of sportfishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may touch upon and make recommendations to the state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Better Atlantic Regional Fisheries Workplace (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Ocean Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State agencies and private landowners are not forced to consult with NMFS. EFH meetings are required if the federal government has authorized, funded, or performed part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an effect on EFH.|24| Detrimentally affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, chemical substance or biological alterations in the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to varieties and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction with the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Home areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high main concern areas for conservation, management, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit special attention because they meet in least one of the following 4 criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a an environment type that is/will become stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is uncommon.|27|
Current HAPCs include important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, among other areas of interest. HAPCs happen to be afforded the same regulatory security as EFH and do not don't include activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Necessary Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Essential Habitat is designated pertaining to the survival and restoration of species listed while threatened or endangered within the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical g?te include areas occupied by threatened or endangered types that include physical and organic features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical at that moment a species is listed under the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat differ in terms of designation and regulation, but they may overlap for certain species such as salmon.|32|
Natural environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures underlying the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These habitats are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental natural environment structure begins with yeast sediment. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and very soft.|33| A study by simply Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom habitat types (vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in relation to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges when they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of young , small brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom gives hard complex vertical composition for attachment of a dry sponge, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a number of fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment also are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft underside are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Attributes that affect soft lower part in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment materials size, salinity, dissolved air and flow.
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