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Essential Fish Habitat
Fundamental Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. T. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Resource efficiency and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate required to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Implementing regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate incorporates the associated biological neighborhoods that make these areas ideal for fish habitats, and the information and identification of EFH should include habitats used at any time during the species' life circuit.|2| EFH incorporates all types of aquatic habitat, including wetlands, coral reefs, yellow sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH making use of the best available scientific data. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed types to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations should be to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non fishing impacts on EFH for the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Work was amended to establish a new requirements to identify and explain EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act has jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries when ever their actions or activities may adversely affect habitat identified by federal regional fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On Dec 19, 1997, interim last rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which identify procedures for implementation of the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by publication of final rules in January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management approach (FMP) amendment, and aspect the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Affects from certain fishing methods and coastal and submarine development and may alter, damage, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal agencies work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable has an effect on on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coastal developments and non-point and point source pollution, along with, evaluating how well every fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed types. As new FMPs will be developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be defined.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, reduce to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing about EFH, and identify additional actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies may avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions within the habitat of federally supervised commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, licenses, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH must consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an assessment of all actions or recommended actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Preservation recommendations.|19| These kinds of Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or counter those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if these recommendations have not been implemented.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of sportfishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may touch upon and make recommendations to the state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Better Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Local Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State companies and private landowners are not necessary to consult with NMFS. EFH meetings are required if the federal government features authorized, funded, or performed part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely impact EFH.|24| Badly affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations from the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to varieties and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction of the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Natural environment areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, management, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit special attention because they meet for least one of the following some criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a natural environment type that is/will end up being stressed by development;
include a habitat type that is exceptional.|27|
Current HAPCs contain important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, among other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory safety as EFH and do not exclude activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Essential Fish Habitat is designated for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Critical Habitat is designated to get the survival and restoration of species listed seeing that threatened or endangered within the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical habitats include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered variety that include physical and natural features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is usually designated as critical at that time a species is listed beneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat vary in terms of designation and rules, but they may overlap for certain species such as salmon.|32|
Habitat characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures underlying the water surface, and marine community structures. These case are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental home structure begins with yeast sediment. Erosion is stabilized by simply submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and gentle.|33| A study by simply Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom home types (vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in relation to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges when they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of juvenile brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom delivers hard complex vertical structure for attachment of a sponge, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a number of fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are usually a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft underside are not protected even though they might be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Qualities that affect soft lower side in relation to organisms that use them include sediment grain size, salinity, dissolved oxygen and flow.
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